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Molecular Biology and Genetics pursue to understand how the molecules that make up cells determine the behavior of living things. Biologists use molecular and genetic tools to study the functions of those molecules in the complex milieu of the living cell.
Proteomics is the scientific discipline which studies and searches for proteins that are associated with the disease by means of their altered levels of sequence. Each level of protein structure is essential to the finished molecule’s function. The focus of proteomics is a biological group called proteome (set of protein sequence).
This area of proteomics is focused on identifying the biological functions of specific individual proteins, classes of proteins (e.g. Kinases) or whole protein interaction networks. It also includes isolation of protein complexes or the use of protein ligands to isolate specific types of proteins. It allows selected groups of proteins to be studied its characteristics which can provide important information about protein signaling and disease mechanism etc.
In the recent years, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has provided scientists with the tremendous capability to study plants more precisely than previously possible. Currently, proteomics has been transformed from an isolated field into a comprehensive tool for biological research that can be used to explain certain biological functions. Several studies have successfully incorporated the power of proteomics as a discovery tool to uncover plant resistance mechanisms. There is growing evidence which indicates that the spatial proteome and post translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins directly participate in the plant immune response.
Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviour and environment can cause changes that affects the way your genes work. Unlike the genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change the ways in which your body reads a DNA sequence. Gene expression refers to how often proteins are created from the instructions within your genes. Genetic changes can alter which protein is made, whereas epigenetic changes affect gene expression to turn genes “on” and “off.”
Epigenomics Is the study of all epigenetic changes in the cell The epigenome is a multitude of chemical compounds that instruct the genome what to do. The human genome is a complete assembly of DNA about 3 billion base pairs that makes each individual unique. DNA holds the instructions for building proteins that carry out a variety of functions in a cell. Epigenome is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that attach themselves to the DNA and direct actions such as turning genes on or off, controlling the protein production in particular cells. When some epigenomic compounds attach themselves to the DNA they modify its functions and they mark the genome. These marks will not change the sequence of the DNA. But, they change the way these cells use the DNA's instructions and these marks are sometimes passed on from cell to cell as cells divide. There are chances they can be passed down from one generation to the next.
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) handle a wide range of biological processes, including cell-to-cell interactions and metabolic and developmental control. Protein protein interaction is becoming one of the major objectives of system biology. Noncovalent contacts between the residue side chains are the basis for protein folding, protein assembly, and PPI. These contacts induce a variety of interactions and associations among the proteins. The Cell Signalling Systems and networks will be studied through systems' biology thanks to the Inherent complexity of signalling networks, quantity and form of Quantitative information. The big selection of stimulus-response behaviour is noticed in cells that are central to all or any of Biology through cell signalling. Cell signalling systems principally receive input from the surroundings and then generates an output response supported the received input. . Supported the Physio-Chemical Principles, Physical Interaction networks will outline the Interacting super molecule Pairs. This kind of matrix assists links between structural biology and system biology.
Chemical proteomics is the growing area of proteomics that seeks to design small molecule probes to understand protein function. In the context of understanding the mode of action of Nanoparticles and other small molecules, chemical proteomics primarily provides information on the proteins a compound interacts with. The main strength of chemical proteomics is the ability to provide an unbiased, global and quantitative analysis of protein binding partners.
Quantitative proteomics is a powerful approach used for both the discovery and targeted proteomic analyses to understand global proteomic dynamics in a cell, tissue or organism. Most quantitative proteomic analyses entail the isotopic labelling of proteins or peptides in the experimental groups, which can then be differentiated based on mass spectrometry. Relative quantitation methods (SILAC, ICAT, ICPL and isobaric tags) are used to compare protein or peptide abundance between samples, while spiking the unlabeled samples with known concentrations of isotopically-labeled synthetic peptides can yield absolute quantification of target peptides via Selected reaction monitoring(SRM).
Mass Spectrometry has become a powerful tool in proteomics research to precisely determine the molecular mass of peptides and proteins as well the sequences. In tandem mass spectrometry, fragmentation of peptides and proteins gives sequence information for protein identification as well as for the identification and localization of post-translational or other covalent modifications. Mass determination and the Characterization of proteins can be done through Mass Spectrometry. For Ionization of proteins in Mass Spectrometry two methods are used. The methods used are Electrospray Ionization and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/Ionization. Top-down approach and Bottom-up approach are used for the analysis of protein.
An organism's complete set of DNA is called its genome. Normally every single cell in the human body contains a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs, or letters, that make up the human genome. Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer because these diseases are generally caused more by a combination of genetic and environmental factors than by the individual genes. Genomics is offering new possibilities for therapies and treatments for some complex diseases and also new diagnostic methods.
All accepted abstracts will be published in respective Allied Academies Journals.
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